People Profile
The Luhya of Kenya
Religion: Christianity and Animism
Population: 4,990,600
Location:
The Luhya (or
Baluyia as they call themselves) tribal homeland is located in
western Kenya north of Lake Victoria from Kisumu to Webuye going north
and
south, and from Kapsabet on the east to the Uganda border on the west. This
area of Kenya has been described
as the most densely populated area of the
world, exceeding even India in population density.
There are also large pockets
of Luhya in Nairobi and the surrounding area.
History: There are various migration traditions among the different Luhya groups.
Some believe they
migrated from Egypt. Other Bantu peoples as well as Nilotic
peoples, have a tradition of origin in "Egypt." This is
taken to mean a northern
area from the Sudan or Ethiopia farther north.
The first "white man" the Luhya had contact with was probably
H. M. Stanley as
he voyaged around Lake Victoria. In 1883 Joseph Thomson was the first
European known to pass through
on foot, and was influential in opening the
region to Europeans after his meeting with Chief Mumia. Afterwards, there were
bloody skirmishes
mostly with the Bukusu sub-tribe which came to be known as
the War of Chetambe.
The Wanga kingdom was very similar to the
Ganda kingdom and other
monarchies in Uganda, an unusual form of government for Bantu peoples.
Mumia was actually the last king
in this line and was acknowledged by the British
as a "chief."
Identity:
The Luhya are classified as a Bantu people,
based on their language. The name
Bantu means "human beings." It appears that over a period of centuries,
successive waves
of Bantu speakers migrated into the area. There was thus a
common underlying origin and language-culture base, but with diversity
over the
years.
There are 18 sub-tribes of the Luhya in Kenya, one sub-tribe in northern
Tanzania and 4 in Uganda. The
Luhya call these groups "houses" of the Luhya.
The Luhya are culturally and linguistically related to neighboring
Bantu peoples,
but exhibit differences.
Despite the tradition of origin in "Egypt," the Luhya culture and language show
relationship to
the Ganda and similar Bantu in Uganda, whose traditions indicate
they came from central Africa. These contradictory traditions are
indicative of the
mixed origin of the group of peoples now called Luhya.
Tradition and linguistic characteristics of
the various sub-groups indicate that
various small groups of Bantu-speaking peoples settled over a period in these
areas. They developed
a political unity during the latter stages of the colonial
period.
Throughout the early years of living in this region, they were at
war with their
Nilotic neighbors, the Teso, Nandi, Maasai and Luo. Records of these wars date
back to the 1750s. Despite this
enmity, many Luhya families have intermarried
over long periods with the neighboring Luo, a Nilotic people. It is common to find
Luo names among
Luhya, particularly the Ragooli (Maragoli).
They are agricultural people living mostly off the land. The western Kenya area
is
rich, fertile highland soil. In recent years many of the youth have gone to the
cities in search of work and
a better life. They are extremely tied to tribal
traditions and superstitions.
Language:
The Luhya groups do not all speak the same
language. Some speak varieties of
what is called the Luyia language ("Oluluyia" in the language itself). Others
speak
what are classified as the languages of Bukusu, Nyore, Hanga (Wanga), Idakho-
Isukha-Tiriki, Saamia and Ragooli.
There is much debate about where there is a
central Luhya language. There are Bible translations in Ragooli (Maragoli) and a
standardized "Luyia"
language. But many have trouble reading either of these.
The common languages used among the sub-tribes are Swahili and English.
(In
linguistic reference, the spelling Luhya refers to the people and Luyi a refers to
the language.)
Each sub-tribe
has its own traditional language and customs. The traditional
language is spoken in the home almost exclusively. There is similarity
between
several of the sub-languages and the Luganda language of the Ganda
(Baganda) of Uganda.
Bibliography
Ayot, Henry Okello.
History Texts of the Lake Region of East Africa. Nairobi,
Kenya: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1977.
Barker, Eric E. The Short
History of Nyanza. Nairobi, Kenya: East African
Literature Bureau, 1975.
Makila, F. E. An Outline History
of Babukusu of Western Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya:
Kenya Literature Bureau, 1978.
Were, Gideon S. A History
of the Abaluyia of Western Kenya: c. 1500-1930.
Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishing House, 1967.
Western Kenya
Historical Texts. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Literature
Bureau, 1967.